Disparidades socioeconómicas y lactancia materna: un análisis crítico de la evidencia.
Resumen
Este artículo revisa la literatura sobre los factores que influyen en la lactancia materna, analizando las disparidades socioeconómicas con relación al acceso a servicios de salud y redes de apoyo. Los hallazgos sugieren que las mujeres con menores recursos económicos enfrentan mayores obstáculos para mantener la lactancia materna exclusiva, mientras que aquellas con mayores ingresos presentan un mayor consumo de fórmulas lácteas; además, el acceso a servicios de salud especializados y el apoyo comunitario emergen como factores clave para la continuidad de la lactancia. Finalmente, se discuten estrategias para reducir las brechas de equidad en la promoción de la lactancia materna.
Citas
Bernate, D. C. T., Espitia, O. L. P., & Rodríguez, J. L. G. (2018). Risk factors and barriers to implementation of breastfeeding: Review. Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética, 22(4), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.22.4.442
Bozlak, C. T., Ruland, L., Eskew, B., Spence, M., & Dennison, B. A. (2024). Breastfeeding disparities and recommended strategies to end them in New York. Preventive medicine reports, 47, 102881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102881
Cabedo, R., Manresa, J. M., Cambredó, M. V., Montero, L., Reyes, A., Gol, R., & Falguera, G. (2019). Tipos de lactancia materna y factores que influyen en su abandono hasta los 6 meses. Matronas Profesión, 20(2), 54–61.
Calvo, C. (2009). Factores socioeconómicos, culturales asociados al sistema de salud que influyen en el amamantamiento. Revista Enfermería Actual En Costa Rica, 1(15), 1–8. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2745766
Cattaneo, A. (2012). Academy of breastfeeding medicine founder’s lecture 2011: Inequalities and inequities in breastfeeding: An international perspective. Breastfeeding Medicine, 7(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2012.9999
Colchero, M. A., Contreras-Loya, D., López-Gatell, H., & González de Cosío, T. (2015). The costs of inadequate breastfeeding of infants in Mexico. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 101(3), 579–586. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.092775
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. (2017). Agenda 2030 y los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Una oportunidad para América Latina y el Caribe (Vol. 1, Núm. 11). Patrimonio: Economía cultural y educación para la paz.
Córdova-Ramos, E. G., Melvin, P., Kalluri, N. S., Peña, M. M., Belfort, M. B., & Parker, M. G. (2023). Association of Primary Language with Provision of Mother's Milk Among Very-Low-Birthweight Infants in Massachusetts. Breastfeeding medicine: the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, 18(2), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2022.0150
Flower, K. B., Willoughby, M., Cadigan, J. R., Perrin, E. M., & Randolph, G. (2008). Understanding breastfeeding initiation and continuation in rural communities: A combined qualitative/quantitative approach. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 12(3), 402–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-007-0248-6
Geda, N. R., Feng, C. X., Janzen, B., Lepnurm, R., Henry, C. J., & Whiting, S. J. (2021). Infant and young child feeding practices in Ethiopia: analysis of socioeconomic disparities based on nationally representative data. Archives of Public Health, 79(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-021-00555-x
Grubesic, T. H., & Durbin, K. M. (2017). Breastfeeding Support: A Geographic Perspective on Access and Equity. Journal of Human Lactation, 33(4), 770–780. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334417706361
Hawkins, S. S., Dow-Fleisner, S., & Noble, A. (2015). Breastfeeding and the Affordable Care Act. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 62(5), 1071–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2015.05.002
Hohl, S., Thompson, B., Escareño, M., & Duggan, C. (2016). Cultural Norms in Conflict: Breastfeeding Among Hispanic Immigrants in Rural Washington State. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(7), 1549–1557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-1954-8
James, D. C., & Lessen, R. (2009). Position of the American Dietetic Association: promoting and supporting breastfeeding. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(11), 1926–1942.
Jiang, L., Nianogo, R. A., Prelip, M., & Wang, M. C. (2024). The role of breastfeeding support in racial/ethnic disparities in breastfeeding practices. Preventive medicine, 179, 107857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107857
Kozhimannil, K. B., Attanasio, L. B., Hardeman, R. R., & O’Brien, M. (2013). Doula care supports near-universal breastfeeding initiation among diverse, low-income women. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 58(4), 378–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12065
Lauria, L., Spinelli, A., & Grandolfo, M. (2016). Prevalence of breastfeeding in Italy: A population based follow-up study. Annali Dell’Istituto Superiore Di Sanita, 52(3), 457–461. https://doi.org/10.4415/ANN_16_03_18
LoCasale-Crouch, J., Wallace, M. K., Heeren, T., Kerr, S., Yue, Y., Deeken, G., Turnbull, K., Jaworski, B., Mateus, M. C., Moon, R., Hauck, F. R., Kellams, A., Colson, E., & Corwin, M. J. (2024). The importance of community resources for breastfeeding. International breastfeeding journal, 19(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-024-00623-2
Lyons, G. C., Kay, M. C., Duke, N. N., Bian, A., Schildcrout, J. S., Perrin, E. M., Rothman, R. L., Yin, H. S., Sanders, L. M., Flower, K. B., Delamater, A. M., & Heerman, W. J. (2023). Social Support and Breastfeeding Outcomes Among a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Population. American journal of preventive medicine, 64(3), 352–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.10.002
Manchado, R., Tamames, S., López, M., Mohedano, L., D´Agostino, M., & Veiga de Cabo, J. (2009). Revisiones Sistemáticas Exploratorias. Medicina y Seguridad Del Trabajo, 55(216), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.4321/s0465-546x2009000300002
Mannion, C. A., Hobbs, A. J., McDonald, S. W., & Tough, S. C. (2013). Maternal perceptions of partner support during breastfeeding. International breastfeeding journal, 8(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-8-4
Morales López, S., Colmenares Castaño, M., Cruz Licea, V., Iñarritu Pérez, M. del C., Maya Rincón, N., Vega Rodríguez, A., & Velasco Lavín, M. R. (2022). Recordemos lo importante que es la lactancia materna. Revista de La Facultad de Medicina, 65(2), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.22201/fm.24484865e.2022.65.2.02
Munn, A. C., Newman, S. D., Mueller, M., Phillips, S. M., & Taylor, S. N. (2016). The Impact in the United States of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative on Early Infant Health and Breastfeeding Outcomes. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11(5), 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2015.0135
Neves, P. A. R., Gatica-Domínguez, G., Rollins, N. C., Piwoz, E., Baker, P., Barros, A. J. D., & Victora, C. G. (2020). Infant Formula Consumption Is Positively Correlated with Wealth, Within and between Countries: A Multi-Country Study. Journal of Nutrition, 150(4), 910–917. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz327
Nguyen, T., Dennison, B. A., Fan, W., Xu, C., & Birkhead, G. S. (2017). Variation in formula supplementation of breastfed newborn infants in New York hospitals. Pediatrics, 140(1). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-0142
Organización Mundial de la Salud, & Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia. (2016). Comercialización de sucedáneos de la leche materna: Aplicación del código internacional. Informe de situación 2016. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Suiza.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2016). Alimentación del lactante y del niño pequeño. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020, 31 de julio). Mensaje de la Semana Mundial de la Lactancia Materna 2020. Organización Mundial de la Salud. https://www.who.int/es/news/item/31-07-2020-world-breastfeeding-week-2020-message
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (2021). Agenda de Salud Sostenible para las Américas 2018-2030. https://www.paho.org/es/agenda-salud-sostenible-para-americas-2018-2030/agenda-salud-sostenible-para-americas-2018-2030
Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. The BMJ (Vol. 372). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
Papagni, K., & Buckner, E. (2006). Doula Support and Attitudes of Intrapartum Nurses: A Qualitative Study from the Patient’s Perspective. Journal of Perinatal Education, 15(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1624/105812406x92949
Patterson, J. A., Keuler, N. S., & Olson, B. H. (2018). The effect of Baby-friendly status on exclusive breastfeeding in U.S. hospitals. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12589
Pitonyak, J. S., Jessop, A. B., Pontiggia, L., & Crivelli-Kovach, A. (2016). Life course factors associated with initiation and continuation of exclusive breastfeeding. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(2), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-015-1823-x
Rodríguez, M. I. B. (2005). Aproximación a la antropología de la reproducción. AIBR. Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana, 42, 1–16. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/52339
Román Collazo, C., Hernández Rodríguez, Y., & Andrade Campoverde, D. (2018). Lactancia materna, programación metabólica y su relación con enfermedades crónicas. Revista Salud Uninorte, 34(1), 126–141. https://doi.org/10.14482/sun.34.1.8923
Saputri, N. S., Spagnoletti, B. R. M., Morgan, A., Wilopo, S. A., Singh, A., McPake, B., Atun, R., Dewi, R. K., & Lee, J. T. (2020). Progress towards reducing sociodemographic disparities in breastfeeding outcomes in Indonesia: A trend analysis from 2002 to 2017. In BMC Public Health (Vol. 20, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09194-3
Sayres, S., & Visentin, L. (2018). Breastfeeding: Uncovering barriers and offering solutions. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 30(4), 591–596. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000647
Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social. (2021). Ley Federal del Trabajo (p. 446). México: Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social.
Sprague, A., Earle, A., Moreno, G., Raub, A., Waisath, W., & Heymann, J. (2024). National Policies on Parental Leave and Breastfeeding Breaks: Racial, Ethnic, Gender, and Age Disparities in Access and Implications for Infant and Child Health. Public health reports, 139(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549231151661
Von Ash, T., Alikhani, A., Lebron, C., & Risica, P. M. (2022). Racial/ethnic differences in maternal feeding practices and beliefs at 6 months postpartum. Public health nutrition, 25(12), 1–10. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021005073
Washio, Y., Collins, B. N., Hunt-Johnson, A., Zhang, Z., Herrine, G., Hoffman, M., Kilby, L., Chapman, D., & Furman, L. M. (2020). Individual breastfeeding support with contingent incentives for low-income mothers in the USA: The “BOOST (Breastfeeding Onset & Onward with Support Tools)” randomized controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034510
Whitley, M. D., Ro, A., & Choi, B. (2022). Low Job Control and Racial Disparities in Breastfeeding. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 64(8), e482–e491. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002591
Whitley, M., & Banks, A. (2022). Work as an Understudied Driver of Racial Inequities in Breastfeeding. New solutions: a journal of environmental and occupational health policy: NS, 32(3), 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/10482911221124558
