Education and environmental policy for the use of pesticides in Mexico; analysis and perspectives for the year 2030.
Abstract
Pesticides are any substance or mixture of substances intended to prevent or destroy pests, but their use causes contamination in the environment and human health. In Mexico, during the period 2000-2020, the consumption of pesticides increased by more than 63% and currently, there are no education strategies for the population and environmental policies to reduce their consumption. An alternative to reduce its consumption is the use of bio-pesticides, which would significantly reduce the use of traditional pesticides. Currently, Mexico has native microbiological strains with potential use as a bio-pesticide, and given this perspective, it is necessary to strengthen education and environmental policy on the use of pesticides in order to reduce their use by the year 2030.
References
AL-Ahmadi, M. (2019). Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities, and the Health of Our Environment Safety. IntechOpen.
Amizadeh, M., Safari-Kamalabadi, M., Askari-Saryazdi, G., Amizadeh, M. and Reihani-Kermani, H. (2017). Pesticide Exposure and Head and Neck Cancers: A Case-Control Study in an Agricultural Region. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol, 29(94):275-285.
Araujo-León, J., Mena-Rejón, G., Canché-Pool, E. and Ruiz-Piña, H. (2019). Biomonitoring Organochlorine Pesticides in Didelphis virginiana from Yucatan, Mexico by GC-ECD. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 102(6):836-842.
Arellano Aguilar, O. y Rendón von Osten, J. (2016). La huella de los plaguicidas en México. Greenpeace México A. C, México, pp 40.
Arellano Aguilar, O., Betancourt-Lozano, M., Aguilar-Zárate, G. and Ponce de Leon-Hill, C. (2017). Agrochemical loading in drains and rivers and its connection with pollution in coastal lagoons of the Mexican Pacific. Environ Monit Assess, 189(6):270, 1-12.
Bravo-Luna, L. y Guigón-López, C. (2014). Cap. 11: Control biológico de enfermedades de plantas en México. In: Bettiol, W.; Rivera, M.C.; Mondino, P.; Montealegre, J.R.; Colmenárez, Y.C. (Eds.). Control biológico de enfermedades de plantas en América Latina y el Caribe. Facultad de Agronomía. Montevideo. Uruguay. p 265-285.
Carvalho, F. P. (2017). Pesticides, environment, and food safety. Food Energy Secur, 6(2), 48– 60.
CEDRSSA, 2016) Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Rural Sustentable y la Soberanía Alimentaria. Marco institucional de la política ambiental en México. Disponible en: (https://espanol.epa.gov/espanol/la-importancia-de-la-educacion-ambiental); consultado: abril 2, 2023.
Cruz-Avalos, A., Bivián-Hernández, M., Ibarra, J. y Del Rincón-Castro, M. (2019). High virulence of Mexican entomopathogenic fungi against fall armyworm, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol, 112(1):99-107.
EPA. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2019). Basic Information about Pesticide Ingredients. Disponible en: https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/basic-information-about-pesticide-ingredients. Consultado: abril 2, 2023.
EPA. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2022). La importancia de la educación ambiental. Disponible en: https://espanol.epa.gov/espanol/la-importancia-de-la-educacion-ambiental; consultado: abril 17, 2023.
FAO, (2018). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Water, Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) Program of the CGIAR, International Water Management Institute (IWMI). More People, More Food, Worse Water? A Global Review of Water Pollution from Agriculture.
FAO-WHO, 2023. Codex alimentarius. International food standards. Disponible en: https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/news-and-events/news-details/en/c/1189277/ Consultado: abril 17, 2023.
FAOSTAT, (2018). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Pesticides. Rome, Italy. Disponible en: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EP/visualize. Consultado: abril 11, 2022.
FAOSTAT, 2020). Plaguicidas uso. Disponible en: https://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/RP. Consultado: abril 17, 2023.
Flores-Villegas, A., Cabrera-Bravo, M., Pérez-Torres, A., Córdoba-Aguilar, A., Salazar-Schettino, P., Hernández-Velázquez, V. and Toriello, C. (2019). Effects on Meccus pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Eggs Exposed to Entomopathogenic Fungi: Exploring Alternatives to Control Chagas Disease. J Med Entomol, 56(1):284-290
García-Besné, G., Valdespino, C. and Rendón-von Osten, J. (2015). Comparison of organochlorine pesticides and PCB residues among hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and green (Chelonia mydas) turtles in the Yucatan Peninsula and their maternal transfer. Mar Pollut Bull, 91(1):139-48.
García-de la Parra, L., Cervantes-Mojica, L., González-Valdivia, C., Martínez-Cordero, F., Aguilar-Zárate, G., Bastidas-Bastidas, P. and Betancourt-Lozano, M. (2012). Distribution of pesticides and PCBs in sediments of agricultural drains in the Culiacan Valley, Sinaloa, Mexico. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 63(3):323-36.
García-Ramírez, A., Reyes-Ramírez, A., Ruíz-Sánchez, E. y Ibarra, J. (2018). Aislados nativos de Bacillus thuringiensis del sureste de México. Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc, 9(3), 539-551.
Geissen, V., Ramos, F., de J Bastidas-Bastidas, P., Díaz-González, G., Bello-Mendoza, R., Huerta- Lwanga, E. and Ruiz-Suárez, L. (2010). Soil and Water Pollution in a Banana Production Region in Tropical Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 85(4):407-13.
Giácoman-Vallejos, G., Lizárraga-Castro, I., Hernández-Núñez, E. and Ponce Caballero M. (2017). Presence of pesticides in the karstic aquifer between the municipalities of Mérida to Progreso, Yucatan, Mexico. Centro Azúcar, 44, (3), 1-13.
González, C., Cruz, J. and Alfaro, R. (2015). Physiological response of alligator gar juveniles (Atractosteus spatula) exposed to sub-lethal doses of pollutants. Fish Physiol Biochem, 41(4):1015-27.
Granados-Galván, I., Rodríguez-Meza, D., Luna-González, A. and González-Ocampo, H. (2015). Human health risk assessment of pesticide residues in snappers (Lutjanus) fish from the Navachiste Lagoon complex, Mexico. Mar Pollut Bull, 97(1-2):178-187.
Jouzani, G., Valijanian, E. and Sharafi, R. (2017). Bacillus thuringiensis: a successful insecticide with new environmental features and tidings. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 101(7):2691-2711.
Ku-Centurión, M., González-Marín, B., Calderón-Ezquerro, M., Martínez-Valenzuela, M., Maldonado, E. and Calderón-Segura, M. (2016). DNA Damage Assessment in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Monceren® 250 SC Fungicide Using the Alkaline Comet Assay. Zebrafish, 13(5), 442–448.
Leyva-Morales, J., Valdez-Torres, J., Bastidas-Bastidas, P., Angulo-Escalante, M., Sarmiento- Sánchez, J., Barraza-Lobo, A., Olmeda-Rubio, C. and Chaidez-Quiroz, C. (2017). Monitoring of pesticides residues in northwestern Mexico rivers. Acta Universitaria, 27(1), 45-54.
Mangas-Ramírez, E., Sánchez, M., García-Martínez, Y., Rodríguez, O., Espinoza, S., Luna- Ramírez, R. and Molina H. (2007). Effect of benomile fungicide in the demographic parameters of Ceriodaphnia reticulata Jurine, 1820 (Crustacea: Cladocera). J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 42(10):1461-6.
Markets and markets, 2019. Biopesticides Markets. Disponible en: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/biopesticides-267.html. Consultado abril 16, 2023.
Özkara, A., Akyil, D. and Konuk, M. (2016). Pesticides, Environmental Pollution, and Health. Environmental Health Risk - Hazardous Factors to Living Species. IntechOpen. pp 27.
Palma-Bautista, C., Gherekhloo, J., Domínguez-Martínez, P., Domínguez-Valenzuela, J., Cruz- Hipolito, H., Alcántara-de la Cruz, R., Rojano-Delgado, A. and De Prado, R. (2019). Characterization of three glyphosate resistant Parthenium hysterophorus populations collected in citrus groves from Mexico. Pestic Biochem Physiol, 155:17.
PAN. 2019. Pesticide Action Network, North America. Pesticide Database. Berkeley, CA. Disponible en: http: www.pesticideinfo.org. Consultado: noviembre 17, 2022].
PNUMA. 2012. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente. Medio Ambiente por el desarrollo, El PNUMA y Principio 10. Disponible en: http://www.pnuma.org/sociedad_civil/principio10.php. Consultado: abril 17, 2023.
PNUMA. 2015. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente. Agenda 2030 en América Latina y el Caribe. Disponible en: https://agenda2030lac.org/es/organizaciones/pnuma. Consultado: abril 16, 2023.
Rendon-von Osten, J. and Dzul-Caamal, R. (2017). Glyphosate residues in groundwater, drinking water and urine of subsistence farmers from intensive agriculture localities: a survey in Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14(6), 1-13.
Reyes-Montiel, N., Santamaría-Miranda, A., Rodríguez-Meza, G., Galindo-Reyes, J. and González-Ocampo, H. (2013). Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in fish (Mugil cephalus) from a coastal ecosystem in the southwestern Gulf of California. Biol. Environ, 113B (3), 1-11.
Ruiz-Toledo, J., Castro, R., Rivero-Pérez, N., Bello-Mendoza, R. and Sánchez, D. (2014). Occurrence of glyphosate in water bodies derived from intensive agriculture in a tropical region of Southern Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 93(3):289-93.
Ruiz-Toledo, J., Vandame, R., Castro-Chan, R., Penilla-Navarro, R., Gómez, J. and Sánchez, D. (2018). Organochlorine Pesticides in Honey and Pollen Samples from Managed Colonies of the HoneyBee Apis mellifera Linnaeus and the Stingless Bee Scaptotrigona mexicana Guérin from Southern, Mexico. Insects, 9(2), 1-18.
Salvarani, P., Morgado, F., Vieira, L. and Osten, J. (2019). Organochlorines Contaminants in Eggs of Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Mexico coast. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 76(3):425-434.
Valdespino, C., Huerta-Peña, A., Pérez-Pacheco, A. and Rendón von Osten, J. (2015). Persistent organochlorine pesticides in two hylidae species from the La Antigua watershed, Veracruz, México. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 94(1):17-22.
Vargas-González, H., Méndez-Rodríguez, L., García-Hernández, J., Mendoza-Salgado, R., Zenteno-Savín, T. and Arreola-Lizárraga, J. (2016). Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in populations of the clam Chione californiensis in coastal lagoons of the Gulf of California. J Environ Sci Health B, 51(7):435-45
WHO. 2019. World Health Organization. Pesticide residues in food. [Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pesticide-residues-in-food. Fecha de consulta 22, 2019].
Zúñiga-Violante, E., Daesslé, L., Camarena-Ojinaga, M., Gutiérrez-Galindo, E. and Arellano García, M. (2015). Distribution of organic and inorganic pollutants in the agricultural valley of Maneadero, Baja California, México. Investigación Ambiental, 7(1), 13-24.
