Low-cost IoT system for detecting water leaks in social housing in Mexico.

Abstract

This article presents a low-cost IoT system that integrates flow sensors, data processing on an ESP32 microcontroller, and deployment via a mobile application. The system was validated using a 1:12 scale prototype under scenarios with and without leaks, and through a survey of 133 users. It achieved 96.4% accuracy, 98% data transmission stability, and an alert time of 11.8 seconds. Ninety percent of participants considered this technology important for reducing economic losses. The system represents an accessible and effective solution for social housing, contributing to the sustainable use of water and protecting vulnerable families from unforeseen costs.