Contemporary neuroethics, epistemic pluralism, and cognitive justice: a critical review from the perspective of knowledge governance.

Abstract

During 2019–2024, neuroethics underwent a profound epistemological transformation marked by critiques of moral universalism and neurobiological reductionism. This chapter analyzes this shift from a pluriepistemic perspective, highlighting the need to integrate cultural, historical, and political dimensions into the study of mind, morality, and agency. Five key themes are identified: the expansion towards a social and situated neuroethics; the intercultural and global approach; the incorporation of mixed and participatory methodologies; the strengthening of epistemic pluralism and cognitive justice; and the emergence of decolonial agendas. Ethical and political implications related to cognitive rights, mental sovereignty, and neurotechnological governance are also explored. Finally, a transdisciplinary neuroethics oriented towards epistemic justice and dialogue among different forms of knowledge is proposed.